ENTRY 4
Argument Structures and Fallacies
ITEM 1
=> Appeal to popularity (Fallacies of
Relevance)
Analysis:
Hàng
triệu bạn gái dùng dầu gội Sunsilk
Và
họ có được mái tóc mềm mượt
…………………………………………
Vì
vậy dùng Sunsilk bạn sẽ có được mái tóc mềm mượt
=>
This is weak and invalid argument
ITEM 2
Chồng
con kêu con là chó
Ông
chồng và bà vợ đang tranh luận về việc nấu nướng. Bà vợ cho rằng nấu khoai tây
thì mỗi nồi chỉ nên cho một muỗng muối trong khi ông chồng cho rằng hai muỗng
thì ngon hơn. Ông chồng nhẹ nhàng:Cười
-
Tôi nghĩ, trong chuyện này mình không hẳn đúng đâu.
- Cái gì? Tôi không đúng? Ông nói thế là ý gì hả? Ông định nói rằng tôi không
đúng. Ông định nói là tôi hoàn toàn sai chứ gì? Tôi sai nghĩa là tôi đã nói dối
phải không! Tôi nói dối thì có nghĩa là tôi ăn nói không như một con người. Ông
định nói là tôi sủa bậy như con cún phải không? Ối mẹ ơi, chồng con nó kêu con
là chó. Mẹ ơi!
=>
Slippery slope ( Fallacies of Presumption)
Analysis:
The
wife’ inference follows this:
If
the husband says that she is incorrect.
↓ (Hidden
premise: If she is incorrect, she
totally wrongs)
Then
she totally wrongs.
↓ (If she totally
wrong, it means she lies)
Then
she lies
↓ (If she lies,
she is not speaking like human)
Then
she is not speaking like human.
↓ (The person not
speaking like human, she barks like a puppy)
Then
she barks as a puppy
↓ (Puppy is dog,
so her husband calls her a dog)
Then
her husband calls her a dog.
• The
structure of the wife argument is:
All
the incorrect saying is baked by a dog.
She
is incorrect.
Therefore, she likes a dog.
In
this story, the wife makes a “slippery slope”. She base on the false premises
and insufficient premises to infer her husband saying to absolute different
meaning.
ITEM 3
The
accident
You
are an emergency worker that has just been called to the scene of an accident.
When you arrive, you see that the car belongs to your wife. Fearing the worst,
you rush over to see she is trapped in her car with another man.
She
sees you and although barely conscious, she manages to mouth the words “I’m
sorry...”
You
don’t understand, but her look answers you question. The man next to her is her
lover with whom she’s been having an affair.
You
reel back in shock, devastated by what her eyes have just told you. As you step
back, the wreck in front of you comes into focus. You see your wife is
seriously hurt and she needs attention straight away. Even if she gets
attention there’s a very high chance she’ll die.
You
look at the seat next to her and see her lover. He’s bleeding heavily from a
wound to the neck and you need to stem the flow of blood immediately. It will
only take about 5 minutes to stop, but it will mean your wife will definitely
die.
If
you tend to your wife however, the man will bleed despite the fact it could
have been avoided.
=> False dilemma (Fallacies of
Presumption)
Analysis:
The
man has falsely gotten himself into a dilemma because he was limited to only
two choices. There is also another way for the man to solve the situation.
There are many emergency workers going with him, so he just needs to ask
another skilled worker to help his wife's lover while he helps his wife with
her injury. By demanding other choices beyond these limited ones, the man can
avoid being on the horns of a dilemma.
Source:
Item 1: http://www.google.com.vn/imgres?q=quang+cao+sunsilk+cua+ho+ngoc+ha&num=10&hl=vi&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbnid=-rwRCwX8pVFKGM:&imgrefurl=http://brand.hoo.vn/dai-su-thuong-hieu.xml&docid=ssO-PTAP-fnECM&imgurl=http://brand.hoo.vn/content/uploads/2010/07/sunsilk.jpg&w=400&h=400&ei=4VeqUOqmIeqviQeW2IH4Bg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=2&sig=102808922170157575109&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=137&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:66&tx=292&ty=266
Item 2: http://hoibi.net/truyen-cuoi/3510-suy-dien-logic-dieu-toa.htm
Item 3: http://listverse.com/2007/10/21/top-10-moral-dilemmas/
